SCHEDULE III

Federal Drug Schedules and Incarceration Rates

Congress adopted the federal Controlled Substances Act in 1970 as the most significant advance in its controversial "war on drugs". The Act created five schedules to which federal authorities could readily add and remove drugs. Authorities could then arrest, prosecute, and imprison those who manufactured, distributed, delivered, or possessed scheduled drugs. Drug enforcement actions vastly expanded U.S. prison populations. One-fifth of the U.S. prison population, or nearly a half-million inmates, are serving time for drug crimes, while more than a million more are on probation or parole from drug crime convictions. The states, including Texas, adopted similar Controlled Substances Acts under which they also charge drug crimes. While federal authorities frequently charge federal drug crimes, especially in the more serious cases, most of the drug crime prison population serves state rather than federal drug conviction sentences.

How the Federal Schedules Work

Section 812 of the federal Controlled Substances Act classifies drugs into Schedules I, II, III, IV, or V. Each classification depends on the drug's addictive nature, medically accepted uses, and health dangers. The higher schedules include drugs that have no accepted medical use or limited medical use while being highly addictive and dangerous. The lower schedules have drugs that have wider medical use and fewer addictive or dangerous properties. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) maintains an alphabetical list of the drugs on each schedule. Most importantly, the schedules determine the criminal charge and penalty levels. Trafficking in a Schedule I drug may result in a significantly more severe punishment than trafficking in a Schedule V drug. The schedule of the drug forms the basis for the charged crime matters. In some cases, the schedule matters a lot.

Beware of the Federal Schedules

The federal schedules hide hazards for anyone possessing or distributing drugs, substances, or chemicals that have addictive and stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic properties like the scheduled drugs. The first hazard is that the schedules are incomplete. The schedules generally only include the base chemical, not drug derivatives and components such as salts, isomers, esters,and ethers.In short, you can face a federal charge for an unlisted drug if that drug is closely related to a listed drug. A second hazard is that DEA and FDA officials frequently add drugs to the list, sometimes even on a temporary basis. Section 811 of the Controlled Substances Act allows the DEA and FDA to make those changes as the market for illegal drugs changes. Finally, the Act's Section 802(32)(A) criminalizes the manufacture, distribution, delivery, or possession of controlled substance analogues having similar chemical forms or drug effects. If you are in any way involved in drug possession or delivery outside of prescription authorization, don't rely only on the schedules.

Schedule III Drugs Defined

The Controlled Substances Act's Section §812(b)(3) basically defines a Schedule III drug as one with an accepted medical use but with a low to moderate risk of addiction that is less than higher-scheduled drugs. Federal officials may place a drug on Schedule III only when they make these three formal findings going through a process that the attorney general administers:

• The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II.
• The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.

Schedule III Drugs Versus Other Scheduled Drugs

One good way to appreciate the definition of a Schedule III drug is to contrast it with the definitions for drugs listed on other federal schedules. As the Schedule III definition hints, Schedule I and Schedule II drugs have a highpotential for abuse, in contrast with a Schedule III drug'slow to moderate risk of abuse. Schedule III drugs shouldn't include those notorious drugs, like the Schedule I drug heroin or the Schedule II drugs cocaine and fentanyl, that quickly hook first-time users. On the other hand, a Schedule III drug has a medically accepted use like Schedule II, IV, and V drugs. Only Schedule I drugs have no medically accepted use. These differences and similarities make a Schedule III drug one step down from a Schedule II drug because of its less-addictive properties but still a mid-level drug due to its danger of addiction.

Best-Known Schedule III Drugs

Schedule III drugs include substances that the public would generally recognize as legal when prescribed and only moderately addictive. Schedule III drugs include:

• Codeine, commonly found in cough syrup as the active suppressant but is also prescribed for mild painkilling. The body breaks the opiate codeine down into morphine, suggesting the drug's addictive and pleasurable effects.
• Ketamine, sometimes used to tranquilize humans or animals but abused, especially by the young at clubs and raves, for its hallucinogenic effect. Ketamine has a dissociative anesthetic effect. Addiction can produce strong feelings of detachment that last for days, impairing cognition and making impossible an active life.
• Anabolic steroids, prescribed for recovery from physical injury but abused for fitness and bodybuilding effects. Steroids don't have a typical addictive effect on mood, but they can instead produce strong addictions, especially among obsessive-compulsives and those with body dysmorphia, from their effects on a person's energy level and physical appearance. Prolonged use can result in hormone imbalances. Withdrawal can lead to suicidal ideation.

Penalty Levels for Schedule III Drugs

Federal penalty levels vary by the schedule of the involved drug, the amount of the drug, and other factors. The penalty for selling, delivering, or intending to sell or deliver a Schedule III drug is up to five years of imprisonment and up to a $15,000 fine. That Schedule III drug-sale or drug-delivery penalty is substantially more severe than the same crime involving only a Schedule IV drug. The Schedule IV penalty is up to only three, rather than five, years of imprisonment and up to only a $10,000, rather than a $15,000 fine. Trafficking in a Schedule III drug can bring up to ten years imprisonment and a $500,000 fine. Possession penalties for Schedule III drugs are like the penalties for possessing other scheduled drugs. Possession penalties range from up to one year or three years, and up to a $1,000 or $3,000 fine, depending on the offense number.

Contact Our Harris County Drug Charges Lawyer

If you face federal drug charges in Texas or charges brought under Texas state law, then drug crime defense attorney Doug Murphy is available for smart and comprehensive representation. Experienced lawyers, to whom attorney Murphy lectures nationwide, trust attorney Murphy's premier reputation and skills. Attorney Doug Murphy's fellow lawyers have voted him Best Lawyers in America's Lawyer of the Year. Attorney Murphy is one of only two Texas lawyers holding both Criminal Law Board Certification and DWI Board Certification. Contact Murphy & McKinney Law Firm, P.C. online or at 713-229-8333 today for aggressive defense of federal or state drug crime charges.